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贈(zèng)與諾言的效力分析
摘 要
贈(zèng)與諾言是贈(zèng)與人單方向受贈(zèng)人發(fā)出的意思表示，是1種單方允諾的民事法律行為。而贈(zèng)與合同是雙方當(dāng)事人意思表示1致的結(jié)果，即贈(zèng)與人將自己的財(cái)產(chǎn)無(wú)償給予受贈(zèng)人，受贈(zèng)人表示接受贈(zèng)與的合同。2者產(chǎn)生的基點(diǎn)都是由贈(zèng)與人引發(fā)的，為自己預(yù)先設(shè)定某種義務(wù)，而賦予對(duì)方當(dāng)事人無(wú)償取得某物的權(quán)利。在我國(guó)《合同法》頒布之前，司法實(shí)務(wù)界與理論界對(duì)贈(zèng)與合同的定性爭(zhēng)論不休，為了規(guī)范贈(zèng)與人與受贈(zèng)人的權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系，合同法把它規(guī)定為諾成性合同，但對(duì)贈(zèng)與諾言的相關(guān)規(guī)定卻知之甚少。相反英美合同法卻對(duì)贈(zèng)與諾言的研究是比較深入的，它突破了傳統(tǒng)的對(duì)價(jià)理論的模式，建立了信賴?yán)碚摚⒃诖嘶A(chǔ)上提出了“允諾禁反言”原則。它把贈(zèng)與人的道德義務(wù)上升為法律義務(wù)，即贈(zèng)與人應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守允諾，不得食言。借鑒英美合同法對(duì)贈(zèng)與諾言的研究成果進(jìn)1步豐富和完善我國(guó)合同法。
關(guān)鍵詞：贈(zèng)與諾言；贈(zèng)與合同；英美合同法；信賴?yán)妫辉手Z禁反言
Abstract
The donation of promise means the donor’s unilateral expression of intention to the donee, a sort of unilateral action in the civil law. While the donative contract is the result of the same intention of the bilateral litigants, the donor gives his/her property gratuitously to the donee and the latter accepts the donation. The basic point of the two is both produced by the donor, establishing a certain right for himself/herself, and making the donee have the right to get something free. Before the contract law is promulgated in our country, the judicatory department enforcing the law and the judicatory theoreticians argued about the nature of the donative contract. In order to regulate the relationship between right and obligation of donor and donee, the contract law regulates the donation contract as undertaking contract, but has little idea of the regulations related to the donation of promise. On the contrary, Anglo-American contract law, breaking the traditional Consideration theory type, creating the reliance theory and putting forward the doctrine of promissory estopped on its basis, has profound research about the donation of promise. It ascends the donor’s moral obligation to legal obligation, i.e. the donor ought not to break his/her promise. Using the achievements about the donation of promise in Anglo-American contract law for reference can enrich and perfect the contract law in our country.
Key words: the donation of promise ; the donative contract; Anglo-Ameri-
can contract law; the reliance interest; promissory estopped
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