最新英語(yǔ)畢業(yè)論文提綱范文
1、總 綱
畢業(yè)論文，是大學(xué)本科教學(xué)的最后1個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。是對(duì)整個(gè)大學(xué)階段學(xué)習(xí)的回顧與總結(jié)，是學(xué)生綜合能力的體現(xiàn)，也是對(duì)學(xué)生的1次語(yǔ)言及相關(guān)科學(xué)研究的1次基本訓(xùn)練，因此，要求學(xué)生以高度認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度對(duì)待此項(xiàng)工作。
做好畢業(yè)論文的指導(dǎo)工作是整個(gè)大學(xué)教學(xué)和教育的重要和必要內(nèi)容，也是理論教學(xué)的重要組成部分。每1位教師都要以高度的社會(huì)責(zé)任感和敬業(yè)精神投入到此項(xiàng)工作中去，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生順利完成畢業(yè)論文任務(wù)。
2、 畢業(yè)論文的階段及要求(1)準(zhǔn)備：學(xué)生可以自由選擇研究范圍(語(yǔ)言、文學(xué)、文化、社會(huì)問(wèn)題、應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、貿(mào)易、科技、社會(huì)生活等)，但要在教師的指導(dǎo)下對(duì)研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行資料的收集整理和分析來(lái)確定畢業(yè)論文題目。
(2)撰寫(xiě)提綱： 學(xué)生在指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)下分析和研究所采集的資料的基礎(chǔ)上，撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文提綱。同時(shí)也要求每1位指導(dǎo)教師在學(xué)生形成畢業(yè)論文提綱前1定要與每位被指導(dǎo)的學(xué)生進(jìn)行討論，畢業(yè)論文提綱應(yīng)盡量做到全面縝密，理順?biāo)撌鰞?nèi)容，避免以后反復(fù)修改。
(3)第1稿：要求學(xué)生必須嚴(yán)格按照指導(dǎo)教師審定后的畢業(yè)論文提綱進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作, 不可自行其是，隨意更換主題。第1稿完成以后，指導(dǎo)教師主要檢查學(xué)生是否按照既定的提綱和思想在寫(xiě)作，及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題及時(shí)糾正。如學(xué)生采取不認(rèn)真的態(tài)度，指導(dǎo)教師應(yīng)對(duì)其提出嚴(yán)肅的批評(píng)教育，拒不接受者，指導(dǎo)教師有權(quán)提出相應(yīng)的處理意見(jiàn)，或交學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文工作小組處理。如果指導(dǎo)教師不認(rèn)真指導(dǎo)，隨意放學(xué)生過(guò)關(guān)，以后階段出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題由該教師本人負(fù)責(zé)。(5)第3稿：要求學(xué)生在文風(fēng)、文章格式、修辭等方面有所提高。指導(dǎo)教師要對(duì)第3稿進(jìn)行全面的審閱，并提出修改意見(jiàn)，以保證定稿打印時(shí)所有的錯(cuò)誤和疏漏都得到更正，錯(cuò)誤率控制在規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)。同時(shí)，教師還要提醒學(xué)生在打印前再校對(duì)，以保證盡可能地將正確的版本打印出來(lái)。
(6)畢業(yè)論文答辯：畢業(yè)論文的答辯是畢業(yè)論文工作的最后階段，要求學(xué)生予以充分的準(zhǔn)備和重視。論文答辯前，學(xué)生們必須充分熟悉論文，答辯時(shí)，要求學(xué)生能脫稿進(jìn)行5~10分鐘的畢業(yè)論文內(nèi)容的陳述，并流利、準(zhǔn)確地回答答辯委員提出的問(wèn)題。在答辯過(guò)程中，參加答辯的教師要對(duì)答辯人的語(yǔ)言技能(語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)法、詞匯、語(yǔ)用)、口筆頭能力、論文內(nèi)容和答辯的表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行認(rèn)真紀(jì)錄，客觀公正地評(píng)分。
2、 畢業(yè)論文的內(nèi)容：
畢業(yè)論文的內(nèi)容可以涉及語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、與語(yǔ)言有關(guān)的問(wèn)題(如，語(yǔ)言教學(xué)、文化等)和相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)的知識(shí)和內(nèi)容(如經(jīng)濟(jì)、貿(mào)易、管理、市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)等)。其他內(nèi)容，須經(jīng)論文審題小組集體審定。學(xué)生有選擇的論文內(nèi)容的自由，指導(dǎo)教師可以提出建議，但不能代替學(xué)生做出決定。論文內(nèi)容要能反映社會(huì)和時(shí)代特征，具有理論價(jià)值或?qū)嵺`意義，有新穎性。論文可以對(duì)某個(gè)理論問(wèn)題的探討，也可以是實(shí)踐問(wèn)題的解決。論文不僅要反映學(xué)生的綜合能力，而且要反映他們對(duì)相關(guān)問(wèn)題的較為正確的論述，要有1定的獨(dú)立見(jiàn)解。論文必須做到主題明確、論據(jù)清晰、內(nèi)容具體而充實(shí)，切忌空談。寫(xiě)翻譯的論文，除實(shí)例分析外，還要提供原文的譯文，以便弄清譯論的依據(jù)。如果論文是實(shí)踐性的，它必須提出1定的解決途徑、方案。
3、 畢業(yè)論文的評(píng)審：
指導(dǎo)教師在對(duì)論文評(píng)定成績(jī)時(shí)，要參照學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)、平時(shí)表現(xiàn)出的語(yǔ)言水平和專(zhuān)業(yè)8級(jí)考試的成績(jī)，以正確衡量學(xué)生真實(shí)的語(yǔ)言和認(rèn)識(shí)水平。指導(dǎo)教師對(duì)學(xué)生的畢業(yè)論文成績(jī)提出異議，如不被采納，可提交學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文工作小組商議和仲裁。指導(dǎo)教師如發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生的畢業(yè)論文有抄襲現(xiàn)象，應(yīng)及時(shí)向?qū)W生指出，學(xué)生若不接受批評(píng)，指導(dǎo)教師應(yīng)提交到學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文工作小組處理，嚴(yán)重者取消論文資格。指導(dǎo)教師應(yīng)杜絕送分的做法，也不可因個(gè)人原因影響對(duì)學(xué)生論文評(píng)價(jià)的客觀性和公正性。
4、 畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
(1)選題恰當(dāng)、與畢業(yè)生的知識(shí)水平與認(rèn)識(shí)能力相當(dāng);
(2)內(nèi)容豐富、資料翔實(shí)、論證充分有力;
(3)觀點(diǎn)正確、邏輯性強(qiáng)、無(wú)違反國(guó)家大政方針的觀點(diǎn);
(4)敘述清楚、層次清晰而豐富;(6)用詞、造句、謀篇、布局等方面無(wú)明顯失誤，修辭錯(cuò)誤率控制在2%。
論英漢文化背景下的習(xí)語(yǔ)翻譯
摘要:著名翻譯學(xué)家奈達(dá)指出:“對(duì)于真正成功的翻譯而言，熟悉兩種文化甚至比掌握兩種語(yǔ)言更為重要，
因?yàn)樵~語(yǔ)只有在其作用的文化背景下才有意義。”也就是說(shuō)，翻譯不僅與語(yǔ)言有關(guān)也和文化有關(guān)。習(xí)語(yǔ)翻譯中對(duì)文化差異的研究在中國(guó)的翻譯領(lǐng)域中仍然較弱，專(zhuān)門(mén)對(duì)中英習(xí)語(yǔ)翻譯的研究還不很完善。近20年來(lái)，習(xí)語(yǔ)翻譯大多強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)際的交流，而很少涉及文化差異。本文通過(guò)分析中英習(xí)語(yǔ)的文化差異，進(jìn)而從文化角度研究中英習(xí)語(yǔ)翻譯方法，并指出中英習(xí)語(yǔ)翻譯要注意的問(wèn)題:聯(lián)系上下文，選擇與原文風(fēng)格，意思相符的翻譯;文化是一種生活方式，文化在變化，出現(xiàn)新的習(xí)語(yǔ)，習(xí)語(yǔ)翻譯要與時(shí)俱進(jìn)。
關(guān)鍵詞：習(xí)語(yǔ);文化;翻譯
1. Introduction
Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression
that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)
2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms
2.1 The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms 2.1.1 Geographical Conditions
The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.
Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of
Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)
For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 緣木求魚(yú) An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 錯(cuò)過(guò)機(jī)會(huì)
Trim the sails to the wind 順勢(shì)前進(jìn)
A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不補(bǔ)要沉大船 (Examples)
On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴，對(duì)牛彈琴, 眾人拾柴火焰高,竹籃打水一場(chǎng)空......". Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯，海枯石爛，海闊天空，海底撈針，海市蜃樓......". (Analysis)
2.1.2 History
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2.2 The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms
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2.2.1 Colours
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2.2.2 Numbers
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3. Methods of Idiom Translation
Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:
3.1 Literal Translation
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3.2 Free Translation
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3.3 Translation with Notes
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3.4 Replacement with Similar Idioms
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3.5 The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning
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3.6 A Combination of Literal and Free Translation
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4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation
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5. Conclusion
One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)
References
[*] 作者. 書(shū)名(英語(yǔ)的斜體). (出版地：)出版社，年份：參考內(nèi)容頁(yè)碼 [*] 作者. 文章名(英語(yǔ)的斜體). 刊物名稱. (出版地：)出版社，年份
[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,2008
[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xi'an: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007
[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982
[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993
[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987
[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006
[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008
[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007
[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008\
[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新編大學(xué)翻譯教程》. 北京：世界知識(shí)出版社, 2007 [11] 馬愛(ài)英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻譯》. 北京：科學(xué)出版社, 2006
[12] 孫致禮(Sun Zhili).《新編英漢翻譯教程》. 上海：上海外語(yǔ)教學(xué)出版社, 2008
[13] 王宗炎(Wang Zongyan).《英漢語(yǔ)文問(wèn)題面面觀》. 北京：北京高等教育出版社, 2006
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