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商務英語之非謂語動詞用法(3)
5.不定式和分詞作狀語的區別
(1)現在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區別。
現在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的最主要區別在于兩者與所修飾的主語的主動與被動關系的區別。
1)現在分詞作狀語時，現在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間的關系是主動關系。
He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后將門隨手關上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。
2)過去分詞作狀語時，過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間的關系是被動關系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果對這些樹多關心一些，它們本來會長得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困難的時候，我們必須設法克服。
(2)動詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區別
1)分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨，而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他們站在路邊談論著這個計劃。(伴隨)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他們站在路邊為的是談論這個計劃。(目的)
2)分詞作狀語放在句子開頭，除表示原因之外有時表示時間或條件。動詞不定式作狀語時，除了表示目的以外，還表示結果或原因。
Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch.由于在專心讀書，他忘了吃午飯的時間。(原因)
Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before.他仔細讀書時，發現了一些從前不知道的東西。(時間)
Reading carefully，you'll learn something new.只要你仔細閱讀，你會學到一些新的東西。(條件)
His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太窮，不能維持他的生活。(結果)
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.這男孩個子不夠高，手伸不到書架。(結果)
We are glad to hear the news.我們很高興聽到這消息。(原因)
(3)下面一些句型是不定式做狀語時候應該注意的：
a：not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義
b：做結果狀語的不定式只能出現在句子的末尾，常見的不定式動詞有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
c：不定式做狀語時，其邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則用for引導主語。
6.非謂語動詞�？嫉钠渌Y構
(1)疑問詞+不定式結構
疑問詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。如：
When to start has not been decided.何時動身尚未決定。(主語)
I don't know what to do.我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語)
The difficulty was how to cross the river.困難在于如何過河。(表語)
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。(雙重賓語)
注)A.有時疑問詞前可用介詞，如：
I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。
B.動詞know 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語，只能跟疑問詞(如：how, what)+不定式：
While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
(2)介詞except和but作“只有…，只能…”講時跟不定式結構(but與不帶to的不定式連用)。
When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.
(3)不帶to的不定式
1)在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有：
feel 覺得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear聽到
watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺，感知
notice注意 see看見 look at看 hear聽
On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.
2)另一類是某些使役動詞，如make, let，have等。如：
Let him do it.讓他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。
(注)：
�、偕鲜龈杏X動詞與使役動詞轉換為被動結構時.其后的不定式一般需帶to，如：
He was seen to come.
The boy was made to go to bed early.
�、谠趧釉~find與help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，如:
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season.他發現羊在此季節越出柵欄，感到驚訝。
3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結構中。例如：
Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。
但是，如果謂語動詞不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.醫生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒有說。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外，他們沒有別有別的辦法。
(4)不定式與動名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨立結構
1)不定式的邏輯主語為：for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。例如：
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.我發現他—個人干這活是不可能的。
(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。例如：
It was wise of him to do that.他那樣做是明智的。
2)動名詞的邏輯主語為;①人稱代詞的所有格+動名詞;②名詞's+動名詞。例如：
Tom insisted on my going with them.他堅持要我和他們一起去。
He dislikes his wife's working late.他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚。
3)某些形容詞，如：careless等不定式后可以加of來引導出其邏輯主語。這類詞主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等
It is very kind of you to help me.你幫助我太好了。
間或也可用for + there to be表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是to be)。
It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。
7.非謂語動詞中的有關句型
(1)動名詞作主語的句型
1)Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.閱讀是門藝術。Seeing is believing.眼見為實。
2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭沒有用。It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。
It is a great fun playing football.打籃球很有趣。
It is a waste of time trying to explain.設法解釋是浪費時間。
3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth.
It is useless speaking.光說沒用。
It is nice seeing you again.真高興又遇到了你。
It is good Playing chess after supper.晚飯后弈棋挺好。
It is expensive running this car.開這種小車是浪費。
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