職稱英語(yǔ)考試?yán)砉け貍湔Z(yǔ)法知識(shí)匯總
代詞
(一)代詞的分類：英語(yǔ)中代詞分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
(二)人稱代詞：人稱代詞代替人和事物的名稱,分為主格和賓格兩種形式。
1.主格用來(lái)作句子的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。如： I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去購(gòu)物) / Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎?) / Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了?) / That’s it.(就那么回事) / It’s he!(是他!)
2.賓格用來(lái)作及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如：Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰(shuí)教你們的英語(yǔ)?) / Help me!(救救我!) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫信)
3.人稱代詞作表語(yǔ)或者放在比較狀語(yǔ)從句連詞than或as之后時(shí),可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語(yǔ)中大多用賓格。如：--Who is it?(是誰(shuí)?) –It’s I/me.(是我。)
4.三個(gè)不同人稱同時(shí)出現(xiàn),或者主語(yǔ)中包含“我”時(shí),按照“you→he→I”的順序表達(dá)。如：
Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) –Who will go there?(誰(shuí)要去那兒?) –You and me.(你和我)
5.人稱代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時(shí)間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱代詞”使用,替代作主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)的不定式、動(dòng)名詞或者名詞性從句。如：--What’s the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣?)—It’s fine.(天氣晴好) / --What’s the time?(幾點(diǎn)啦?) –It’s 12：00.(12點(diǎn)) / It’s a long way to go.(那可要走好長(zhǎng)的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時(shí)間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很顯然,公眾想知道這些人什么時(shí)候能進(jìn)入太空) / We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我們發(fā)覺(jué)要學(xué)好一門外語(yǔ)是非常困難的)
部分名詞用法辨析：
1.sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別：sport通常指“戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大;game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶內(nèi)戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng);match意為“競(jìng)賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛(ài)運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
2.festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別：festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng);holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的假期;vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個(gè)月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個(gè)假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3.journey、tour、trip、travel的區(qū)別：journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進(jìn)行的長(zhǎng)途旅行,不知終點(diǎn),含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的`巡回旅行,強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處,常用來(lái)指觀光等;trip通常指往返定時(shí)的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長(zhǎng)期或長(zhǎng)途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國(guó)外,沒(méi)有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your travels?(旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的)
4.sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別：sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來(lái)幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5.fish的問(wèn)題：指許多條魚且不管種類時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同;fishes 指許多種類的魚;fish指“魚肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)
用法辨析：
(1)“Why not+動(dòng)詞原形+…?”(干嘛不……?)是簡(jiǎn)略句，完全形式是：Why don't you +動(dòng)詞原形+…?如：Why not go and have a look?(干嘛不去看看?)/Why not try it once again?(為什么不再試試?)
(2) seem(好象)的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：①sb./sth.+seem+(to be+)形容詞+…;②sb./sth.+seem+like +…;③sb/sth+seem+to(do);④It seems that+從句。如：He seemed(to be) very happy when he was called by the headmaster.(被校長(zhǎng)叫到名字時(shí)他好象很開心)/It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing except Jim.(除了吉姆好象沒(méi)有什么人會(huì)做出如此愚蠢的事情來(lái))
(3) be afraid(害怕)的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：①be afraid of sth;be afraid of(doing);②be afraid to(do);③be afraid that+從句。如：She is a little afraid of snakes.(她有點(diǎn)怕蛇)/Don't be so afraid to stay at home alone at night.(別害怕晚上一個(gè)人在家)/I'm afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了，因?yàn)樗噶四敲创蟮腻e(cuò)誤)
(4) be sorry(抱歉)的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：①be sorry for(sth);②be sorry for(doing sth);③be sorry to(do);④be sorry that+從句。如：I am very sorry for keeping you waiting so long.(不好意思讓你久等了)I am sorry to trouble you.(對(duì)不起，麻煩你了)/I am sorry(that) he isn't here at the moment.(恐怕他現(xiàn)在不在)
(5) be sure(確信)的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)： ①be sure of(sth);②be sure to(do);③be sure that+從句。如：She told me many times that she was sure to come.(她給我講過(guò)多次她一定會(huì)來(lái)的)/Are you sure of your answer?Maybe it's wrong.(你對(duì)你的答案有把握嗎?也許是錯(cuò)的。)/I am sure that Dad will help me with the job.(我確信爸爸會(huì)幫著我做這件事情的)
(6) make 與do的用法：一般情況下表示進(jìn)行活動(dòng)或者做工作用do，表示創(chuàng)造建構(gòu)某事物用make. 如：I don't know what to do.(我不知道該干什么)/I'm not going to do any work.(我不準(zhǔn)備做什么)/My father and I once made a boat.(我和我爸曾經(jīng)做過(guò)一只船)
此外還要記住一些固定說(shuō)法：do good/harm/business/one's best/a favour……
make a decision/an effort/a mistake/a noise/a phone call/money/war/the bed/sure，……
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